Immunization For Pregnant Women
Immunisation is a way to increase one's immunity against an antigen actively, so that when he later exposed by the same antigen, there will be no disease. In the immunization of pregnant women given tetanus toxoid, is a toxin (antigen) of the germ that has been weakened.
The purpose of immunization is epidemiologically to reduce the incidence of tetanus neonatarum to 1 per 10,000 live births. He was also pressing the tetanus death rate neonatarum be half of the CFR (case fatality rate) before, with a way to find the case and look for risk factors. The approach used is a risk approach that includes the status of tetanus toxoid immunization of pregnant women and aid delivery and cord care. Apart from giving tetanus toxoid, immunization of pregnant women are also given hepatitis B, hepatitis B, but this provision is only for pregnant mothers at high risk for hepatitis B. Pregnant mothers are at high risk for pneumonia or influenza is also given influenza vaccine.
Ideally, women of childbearing age should be immunized before pregnancy to protect their babies against serious diseases. For example, rubella caused serious damage to the unborn fetus and can be prevented with rubella vaccine. Varicella (chickenpox) can cause birth defects and fatal pneumonia in the mother, but can be prevented with the varicella vaccine. Tetanus in newborns, often fatal, preventable if the mother has been immunized, as with many diseases can be prevented with other vaccines.
Although many drugs, including some vaccines, which avoided during pregnancy because of potential hazard to mother or fetus, some actual vaccine is recommended for pregnant women. specific immunization during pregnancy will improve the health of mothers and others will protect the child by maternal antibodies which remain on the child for the first 3-6 months of life.
The purpose of immunization is epidemiologically to reduce the incidence of tetanus neonatarum to 1 per 10,000 live births. He was also pressing the tetanus death rate neonatarum be half of the CFR (case fatality rate) before, with a way to find the case and look for risk factors. The approach used is a risk approach that includes the status of tetanus toxoid immunization of pregnant women and aid delivery and cord care. Apart from giving tetanus toxoid, immunization of pregnant women are also given hepatitis B, hepatitis B, but this provision is only for pregnant mothers at high risk for hepatitis B. Pregnant mothers are at high risk for pneumonia or influenza is also given influenza vaccine.
Ideally, women of childbearing age should be immunized before pregnancy to protect their babies against serious diseases. For example, rubella caused serious damage to the unborn fetus and can be prevented with rubella vaccine. Varicella (chickenpox) can cause birth defects and fatal pneumonia in the mother, but can be prevented with the varicella vaccine. Tetanus in newborns, often fatal, preventable if the mother has been immunized, as with many diseases can be prevented with other vaccines.
Although many drugs, including some vaccines, which avoided during pregnancy because of potential hazard to mother or fetus, some actual vaccine is recommended for pregnant women. specific immunization during pregnancy will improve the health of mothers and others will protect the child by maternal antibodies which remain on the child for the first 3-6 months of life.
While certain drugs can harm the developing fetus, the risk of developing fetuses are harmed by vaccination of the mother during pregnancy is still only theoretical. Currently, there is no evidence of risk from the vaccination of pregnant women with viral or bacterial vaccines or toxoids. Live attenuated vaccines, including MMR and varicella, is a larger theoretical concerns, so it is recommended that women avoid pregnancy as a precautionary measure for at least 28 days after administration of the vaccine. 28-day rule is used although there is no evidence in the study before the damage to the fetus when pregnant women received one of the vaccine.
Pregnant women and health care providers should always consider the risks and benefits of the vaccine and the risk of this disease before giving or receiving the vaccine. Immunization before conception is always preferred for immunization during pregnancy to prevent disease in children. After childbirth, women are susceptible to rubella or varicella should be immunized with MMR or varicella vaccine before discharge from the hospital.
Breastfeeding does not interfere with response to vaccines recommended for adults. Although rubella vaccine virus has been found in human milk, this and other vaccines given to mothers during pregnancy or shortly after birth did not prove to interfere with children's immune response to vaccines. Also, no child has developed the disease from the vaccine given to their mothers. Breast milk contains antibodies and other factors which may help protect babies against many infectious diseases.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has issued the recommended adult immunization schedule, including for pregnant women.
The vaccine is recommended for all pregnant women
Influenza.Pregnant women who are infected with influenza virus increases the risk of hospitalization, serious medical complications, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Immunization of pregnant women with inactivated influenza virus vaccines are effective in reducing fever, respiratory tract infections in pregnant women. Immunization of mothers during pregnancy also protects a newborn baby because she was past the immune antibody in the placenta (influenza antibodies was higher in cord blood than in maternal blood). Infants with influenza virus infections account for many hospitalizations and tend to bacterial respiratory infections. Childhood mortality associated with influenza virus infection occurs most frequently in infants less than 6 months of age. Unfortunately, during the first 6 months of life, there is no vaccine or anti-viral influenza drugs available. For this reason, pregnant women should receive influenza virus vaccine and those who will help to care for newborn infants should be vaccinated as well. Studies of influenza vaccination of more than 2,000 pregnant women have shown no adverse effects to the fetus from the vaccine. However, the nasal influenza vaccine should not be given to pregnant women because it is a live virus vaccine.
Tetanus.
Tetanus in newborns, so prevalent throughout America-preventable if the mother has been immunized. This is because maternal antibodies passed to the baby's immunity in the placenta. The mother is immune if he had been immunized before pregnancy or during pregnancy. A pregnant women against tetanus immunization status is uncertain or the last immunization more than 10 years ago must be immunized against tetanus. This is usually given in combination with diphtheria toxoid vaccine (product called Td). Recently, a new Td vaccine also contains pertussis vaccine has been licensed for adults (Tdap), including for use for women in fertile age group. Pregnancy is not a contraindication for Tdap immunization. However, at this time, CDC recommends that pregnant women who received the last tetanus toxoid vaccine containing less than 10 years ago to receive Tdap in the postpartum period in accordance with the recommendation of routine vaccination. If the last dose of tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine more than 10 years earlier, they would prefer that he would be immunized with Td during the second and third trimester rather than Tdap.
Vaccines that pregnant women should not receiveIn general, live attenuated vaccine is contraindicated for pregnant women due to theoretical risk of transmission of vaccine virus to the fetus. The following live, attenuated vaccines should not be administered during pregnancy except in unusual circumstances:
* Live influenza virus vaccine (nasal spray)
* Oral poliovirus vaccine
* Measles-containing vaccines
* Mumps-containing vaccines
* Rubella-containing vaccines
* Smallpox (vaccinia) vaccine
* Typhoid vaccine (Ty21a)
* Varicella (chickenpox) is a live virus vaccine
* Yellow fever vaccine
* Live influenza virus vaccine (nasal spray)
* Oral poliovirus vaccine
* Measles-containing vaccines
* Mumps-containing vaccines
* Rubella-containing vaccines
* Smallpox (vaccinia) vaccine
* Typhoid vaccine (Ty21a)
* Varicella (chickenpox) is a live virus vaccine
* Yellow fever vaccine
Varicella.
Varicella (or, chicken pox) vaccine is universally recommended for all children and nonpregnant adults who are vulnerable, but not given to pregnant women. Pregnant women who experience chickenpox (varicella) have increased risk of having severe disease and a small portion of their babies may be born with congenital varicella syndrome. Vulnerable women are exposed to varicella (or shingles, is caused by the same virus) should receive varicella-zoster immune globulin (VariZIG) within 96 hours, which may prevent or modify the infection. Anti-viral medication is usually reserved for pregnant women with severe chickenpox illness. Infants born to mothers who had chickenpox within 5 days of delivery are also given VariZIG within 48 hours after delivery to prevent them from having a serious illness. Vaccination with live virus varicella vaccine during pregnancy is not recommended, although vaccination is deliberately not being associated with an adverse outcome. A pregnant household member is not a contraindication to varicella immunization of a child in the household, however.
Varicella vaccine viruses rarely spread from vaccinated people who develop a rash to susceptible people in the household. Risk for susceptible pregnant women and the fetus should be very low after this type of exposure. However, pregnant women who believe that he is susceptible to chickenpox and who have household exposure to someone who developed a rash after varicella immunization should tell their doctors.
Ideally, women should be immune to chickenpox before becoming pregnant, or both of the chickenpox vaccine. At the end of pregnancy, women are vulnerable should receive the first dose of chickenpox vaccine before discharge from health facilities. The second dose should be given 4-8 weeks later.
Varicella vaccine viruses rarely spread from vaccinated people who develop a rash to susceptible people in the household. Risk for susceptible pregnant women and the fetus should be very low after this type of exposure. However, pregnant women who believe that he is susceptible to chickenpox and who have household exposure to someone who developed a rash after varicella immunization should tell their doctors.
Ideally, women should be immune to chickenpox before becoming pregnant, or both of the chickenpox vaccine. At the end of pregnancy, women are vulnerable should receive the first dose of chickenpox vaccine before discharge from health facilities. The second dose should be given 4-8 weeks later.
Measles, mumps, and rubella. Measles, mumps, and rubella live-virus vaccine is usually given together as MMR, should not be administered during pregnancy. However, since measles increases the risk of spontaneous abortion or premature birth, pregnant women are vulnerable given immune globulin within six days after exposure. Mumps virus has not been associated with problems during pregnancy. Wild rubella virus infection in early pregnancy have a high risk cause congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in the fetus. This is a devastating disease that can be prevented by use of the vaccine before pregnancy. Pregnant women are screened early in pregnancy to ensure that they are immune. If the vulnerable and open, pregnant women and doctors together will need to consider his options. Rubella susceptible women should be immunized with MMR in the period immediately post-partum. However, the CDC has followed the result of accidental rubella vaccination of pregnant women and no cases of CRS have been detected.
MMR vaccine virus transmission in the household has not been proven (except rubella virus from mothers to breastfeed their babies.) Thus, vulnerable children must be immunized whether or not any household contact pregnant.
MMR vaccine virus transmission in the household has not been proven (except rubella virus from mothers to breastfeed their babies.) Thus, vulnerable children must be immunized whether or not any household contact pregnant.
Yellow fever.
Live attenuated yellow fever vaccine are not known to cause malformations of development. It is only given to a pregnant woman if travel to an endemic area where he will risk for yellow fever is unavoidable.
Typhoid fever.
Both the live attenuated Ty21a and Vi polysaccharide typhoid fever vaccine has been tested on pregnant or lactating women. Some experts might consider the polysaccharide vaccine for pregnant women or breastfeeding if travel to an endemic area is unavoidable and it may be at risk of Salmonella typhi (the cause of typhoid fever).
Vaccines for some pregnant women
The following vaccines should be considered for pregnant women at risk for or are affected by this disease. Because spontaneous abortion occurred more frequently in the first trimester of pregnancy, some obstetricians prefer to avoid giving vaccines during this, if possible, to avoid possible temporal associations. Specific recommendations for travel by pregnant women (and others) can be obtained at www.cdc.gov / travel.
Hepatitis B virus.
Hepatitis B (HBV) infection during pregnancy can cause serious illness for both the mother, fetus, and finally for the neonate. Recommended universal immunization in the United States for all people under the age of 18 years and those older than that who are at increased risk of exposure. Pregnancy is not a contraindication for immunization of HBV and the vaccine should be given to people with risk occupation or lifestyle, a special risk group of patients (such as those undergoing hemodialysis), those who have other sexually transmitted diseases, household and sexual contacts of HBV carriers, prison prisoners, and for international travelers to endemic areas. All pregnant women should have early prenatal screening for immunity and, if susceptible and if they have risk factors, should be immunized.
All pregnant women should be screened for infection with hepatitis B virus is active because most women who are infected do not know and, if they have hepatitis B infection, the newborn should receive a birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immune globulin-giving both within hours of birth reduces likelihood that children will become infected with hepatitis B virus and, if infected, to reduce the likelihood that infants will be infected chronically.
All pregnant women should be screened for infection with hepatitis B virus is active because most women who are infected do not know and, if they have hepatitis B infection, the newborn should receive a birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immune globulin-giving both within hours of birth reduces likelihood that children will become infected with hepatitis B virus and, if infected, to reduce the likelihood that infants will be infected chronically.
Pneumococcal infection.
Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) is indicated for certain medical conditions (such as [the absence of the spleen] asplenia, metabolic, renal disease, heart, and lungs, and immunosuppression). Pregnant women with these conditions also should receive the vaccine, preferably before pregnancy, but can be given to a pregnant woman if she had never been immunized.
Rabies exposure.
Rabies risk far exceeds the theoretical risk of vaccine if pregnant women have been affected by this disease.
Meningococcal infection. Studies of pregnant women immunized with meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine and their infants showed no adverse effects. This means that the vaccine is likely to be safe for pregnant women at high risk for meningococcal infection. Since the new meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4) is the preferred vaccine for people 11-55 years, many scholars would prefer to give MCV4 in this setting, although there is no data about the safety of MCV4 during pregnancy.
Meningococcal infection. Studies of pregnant women immunized with meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine and their infants showed no adverse effects. This means that the vaccine is likely to be safe for pregnant women at high risk for meningococcal infection. Since the new meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4) is the preferred vaccine for people 11-55 years, many scholars would prefer to give MCV4 in this setting, although there is no data about the safety of MCV4 during pregnancy.
Hepatitis A.
Pregnant women at risk of contracting hepatitis A virus infection if there is someone infected in the household, if they have a job exposure, or if traveling to areas where hepatitis A is endemic. Although formal studies of hepatitis A vaccine in pregnant women has not been done, the vaccine is produced from inactive virus so that the theoretical risk to the fetus should be low. This vaccine has been used in pregnant women with no side effects have been reported. Because international travel is now the most common source of exposure for Americans to hepatitis A vaccination before traveling to endemic areas is very important. For pregnant women who have been exposed to hepatitis A virus, sensitivity tests can be justified but should not delay the administration of immune globulin ("gamma globulin").
Polio.
wildtype polioviruses have been eliminated in the United States and as such does not exist is usually an indication for immunization of pregnant women except for women traveling to endemic areas. If the polio vaccine is indicated, only the inactivated vaccine should be given to a pregnant woman and not a live virus oral vaccine.
Anthrax.
Women who are vaccinated against anthrax earlier in life had no problems with pregnancy or babies. No studies have been published regarding the use of anthrax vaccine in pregnant women, although a series of studies conducted by the Naval Health Research Center and National Center for Birth Defects and Development Disabilities shows that children born to mothers who were immunized with anthrax vaccine in the first trimester of pregnancy could have an increased risk of birth defects. Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices recommends that pregnant women are not vaccinated against anthrax. However, in situations of aerosol anthrax exposure (as might occur in a bioterror attack), the theoretical risk of vaccine likely to be much smaller than the risk of disease, pregnant women should be vaccinated against anthrax only if the potential benefits of vaccination outweigh the potential risks to the fetus.
Human papillomavirus. Although the initial clinical trial of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine specifically exempted pregnant women, 1244 pregnancies occurred in the vaccine group and 1272 occurred among women who received placebo. There was no difference in the rate of miscarriage, fetal death late in pregnancy, or birth defects in their babies. Infants from 500 women who breastfeed when they receive the vaccine have been no events worse than those who received placebo and no event is considered related to the vaccine. The FDA has established a registry to record pregnancy outcomes between women who inadvertently given the HPV vaccine during pregnancy.
Human papillomavirus. Although the initial clinical trial of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine specifically exempted pregnant women, 1244 pregnancies occurred in the vaccine group and 1272 occurred among women who received placebo. There was no difference in the rate of miscarriage, fetal death late in pregnancy, or birth defects in their babies. Infants from 500 women who breastfeed when they receive the vaccine have been no events worse than those who received placebo and no event is considered related to the vaccine. The FDA has established a registry to record pregnancy outcomes between women who inadvertently given the HPV vaccine during pregnancy.
H1N1
For pregnant women, fair to worry about your health and your baby's health during a pandemic flu virus H1N1. During pregnancy, you may have heard a lot of advice about what to eat, how to exercise, and what should be avoided to protect the health of babies. Taking the H1N1 flu vaccine is one more thing you can do to reduce the risk that the H1N1 flu virus poses capture for your health and your baby.Pregnant women were no more likely to get flu virus H1N1 from other people, but when they get it, they are about five times more likely to be hospitalized and about three times more likely to suffer serious complications.Until now, the pregnant woman who has been hospitalized with the H1N1 flu virus, more than two-thirds are in their third trimester.Adjuvanted or Unadjuvanted - Who Gets What?You may be hesitant about taking the vaccine to protect against the H1N1 flu virus, or are not sure which type of vaccine is right for you. This is what we know about H1N1 flu vaccine.There are two types of H1N1 flu vaccine: adjuvanted and unadjuvanted. Most Canadians will receive the vaccine adjuvanted. adjuvant is a substance that increases the immune response. It is composed of natural oils, water and vitamin E. Unadjuvanted booster vaccine does not include this. Adjuvanted vaccine is available now across the country. Canada's supply of vaccine will unadjuvanted available in early November.
• unadjuvanted vaccine is recommended for all pregnant women at every stage of their pregnancy.However, if the vaccine unadjuvanted not easily available, some pregnant women should consider getting the vaccine adjuvanted• If you are more than 20 weeks pregnant, OR if you have a chronic illness (like asthma or diabetes), you are at greater risk for severe complications from influenza H1N1. You should consider getting adjuvanted vaccines are available nowThe potential benefits of early immunity against H1N1 influenza virus (from getting the vaccine) is greater than the possible risk receive flu vaccine adjuvanted.• If you have less than 20 weeks pregnant, and healthy, you can wait to get vaccines unadjuvanted. You tend to be less than women in the final stagespregnancy or women with severe chronic disease for developing complications from influenza. Get unadjuvanted vaccine as soon as it becomes available to you. If you want to immunization with adjuvanted vaccine, which is the choice for you.
What Benefits ... What Risk?
Your doctor can help you to consider your options, but the fact remains that immunization is the most effective way to prevent disease and protect the health of babies. Immunization benefits - preventing severe illness and death - greatly exceeds the risks associated with vaccines.
The H1N1 flu vaccine adjuvant has been tested in about 45,000 people without serious side effects were reported.
Your doctor can help you to consider your options, but the fact remains that immunization is the most effective way to prevent disease and protect the health of babies. Immunization benefits - preventing severe illness and death - greatly exceeds the risks associated with vaccines.
The H1N1 flu vaccine adjuvant has been tested in about 45,000 people without serious side effects were reported.
Unadjuvanted vaccine is recommended for use by pregnant women. Although there is no evidence that the adjuvanted vaccine was not safe for pregnant women, the type of vaccine has not been tested in pregnant women, so the vaccine unadjuvanted is the first choice for pregnant women.
Unadjuvanted vaccine is made in the same manner as regular seasonal flu vaccination, which has been used safely in pregnant women over the years.
Unadjuvanted vaccine is made in the same manner as regular seasonal flu vaccination, which has been used safely in pregnant women over the years.
Serious side effects (medical problems) after influenza immunization are rare. Usually there are about one serious side effects, such as a severe allergic reaction, for every 100,000 doses of flu vaccine were distributed. Some adverse events, such as Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), a disease resulting in paralysis, and even more rarely. There are about one case of GBS for every one million doses of flu vaccine were distributed.
It is important to note that these incidents are not always caused by the vaccine, they are reported as events following immunization. Each of these serious side effects were reported in Canada investigated to determine the cause.
Bibliography
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